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Physical Education and Its Changes

Physical Education subject faced a variety of				There were various
significant changes during last 50 years.
				educational ideologies around during this
Some of these changes are so crucial that				time. Some of which
there may not have even been an academic
subject called Physical Education to speak				suggested that the main thrust of the
about. This essay shall aim to uncover the				curriculum was recreational with

principle changes the subject has gone				the emphasis on games and education for
through since 1945 and also				leisure. There was an awful

provide insight into why these changes did				lot of emphasis on playing the game and not
and had to occur. I shall				a lot of specific teaching

endeavour to tackle these principle changes				going on at that time. PE had become
in a chronological order				categorized as a subject with a

although some have to be considered as an				lack of formal assessment.Assessments up to
issue on their own.Firstly, however, before				the mid 1970s had often relied on fleeting
uncovering the changes in PE post-1945 it is				evidence

important to know what was going on in this				and a reliance on general impressions, with
subject pre-1945. A good				a lack of specific

place to start is in the 1800s in Rugby				criteria and specific observation. Therefore
school where a gentleman named				as a result assessment

Dr Thomas Arnold was headmaster. He arrived				was never seen as an important issue in PE,
at this public school when				any thought given to the

boys were taking part in traditional country				purposes, issues and problems surrounding PE
outdoor activities such				non-existent. Assessments

as shooting and fishing, though in rebellion				were in the form of school reports,
of the law. Arnold wished				generally for the pupils and

to confine the boys at Rugby to take part in				parents to ascertain the levels of their
activities within the				achievements so far. These

confines of the school grounds, this meant				reports were often vague, hurried and did
team games such as Rugby,				not have much consideration

Cricket and Football. He allowed these team				given to them by teachers. A move towards
games, where the boys
				certification in PE would provide a sound
would often get hurt and covered in mud, to				curriculum and forms of
go on because he believed
				assessment and examination.As of the late
that they also served an educational role, a				1960s PE had been trying to develop the
means of developing one's				curriculum and

character (Goodwin, 1984). He understood				in 1972 this was mirrored in Curriculum
that these games would				Paper 12 - 'Physical Education

develop traits in a boy such as courage,				in Secondary Schools'. At this time
loyalty, self-sacrifice,				certification and assessment were

unselfishness, co-operation, a sense of				not yet considered. However in 1980 plans
honor and the ability to				for an introduction of a new system of
				curriculum and assessment for 3rd and 4th
accept defeat, "be a good loser" . These				years of secondary schooling were presented,
games were				encouraged by the

however very much confined to the public				recommendations in the Munn and Dunning
schools.In 1872 an Education (Scotland) Act				committees. The Munn committee
was passed that introduced
				established 8 modes of activity within the
compulsory schooling for children aged 5-13.				curriculum of which
Though this helped
				physical activity was one. This was part of
children receive an education, there was no				the core and additional
mention of PE, or sport of
				options structure. The Dunning committee
any kind within the document. In order that				recommended
these
				that all pupils should be given the right to
children could receive some sort of physical				take part in courses that
activity, drill was
				could lead to the Scottish Certificate of
introduced to encourage sharp obedience,				Education and that exams and
smartness, cleanliness and
				assessment by teachers should depict the
order. It was however recognized that other				awards achieved. These awards
forms of physical activity
				would be at three different levels: Credit,
had to occur for the health of the nation.				General and Foundation. Fryer (1986) contends
This was the time when				that the introduction of this structure
				helped PE to re-consider its teaching
therapeutic Swedish gymnastics appeared in
order that it would				practices and system of assessment for
				certification.These recommendations for the
counteract disease and ill health. Physical				change in the PE curriculum from the
training and education had
				Munn and Dunning report were set in motion
become part of the wider developments in				by the first Thatcher
health education in the
				government, where a small group of policy
school medical service of 1909. PE therefore				individuals set about
from
				developing a suitable certificated course.
about 1872-1945 was no longer about				In 1984 PE
discipline but about health.It is very
important before continuing to have a				was certificated and came under the title of
definition of what				Standard Grade in

Physical Education actually is, from reading				Scotland. Standard Grade PE (SGPE) held the
the literature it is hard				idea that PE was now

to determine one true designation. The				educationally respectable and it began to
Oxford Dictionary (1999) offers				enhance the status of the

the following, "(PE is) the instruction in				teachers. It was now seen by others as an
physical exercise and				entry into the world of

games, especially in schools". Whereas				testing, exams, knowledge and understanding,
Webster's New International				thus implying

Dictionary (1986) offers this description				intellectual activity and serious academic
stating that PE is				study. The SGPE course contained a large
				element of coursework concerned with the
"education in methods designed to promote				acquisition of knowledge and understanding of
the development and care of				facts, concepts and principles about the
				activities studied, about how skills are
the body and usually involving instruction				learned
in hygiene and systematic
				and performed and about the body and how it
exercises and in sports and games". As can				works. All of these
be seen from the two
				elements began to give PE an air of
descriptions the Oxford dictionary does not				intellectual and educational
even mention the word
				rigor and importance. PE teachers were now
education and instead contends that PE is				starting
all about games and sports.
				to use the same kind of language as their
This proponent of PE began to surface after				colleagues when talking
1945.After 1945 and around the mid 1960s more
significant educational				about course moderation, examinations,
				estimates, assessments and
changes began to emerge. In 1945 an
Education of Scotland Act was				assignments.On Tuesday 31st May 1994 2,288
				students from 116 presenting centers
passed which increased the school leaving
age to 15 years old. PE at				sat the first examination in performance for
				Higher Grade PE (HGPE). HGPE was established
this time was a compulsory part of				as the next level of certificated education
schooling, so with this change more				in PE and is offered to students at 5th year
				level. The
children took part in PE for longer. PE
started to move towards the				Scottish Universities Council on Entrance
				(SUCE) approved HGPE for the
more aesthetic elements of the curriculum;
dance and movement were				purposes of the general entrance
				requirements of its constituent
particularly popular. This aesthetic aspect
towards PE fashioned a				Universities, this also added to the status
				of the educational
movement characteristic, thus maintaining
its physical nature. At this time the				aptitude of PE. It was important that HGPE
majority of PE teachers were female and these				was equivalent to HG
teachers pushed towards more qualitative
gymnastics and aesthetics promoting that it				courses in other subjects as an entry to
was a part of self-discovery and expression				University. This of course
in their
				was especially important to parents and
pupils. These female PE teachers came from a				pupils when deciding
very restricted physical
				particular subjects to pursue. Teachers
education establishment in the form of				pushed the practical vs.
specialist teacher training
				academic battle. Improved standards were a
colleges. These were confined mainly with				major difference between SGPE and HGPE and to
women and gymnastics until				achieve these students must acquire
				understanding of concepts, assess and
the end of the Second World War. It was also				appraise both processes and product. Thus,
suggested				the activities selected in HGPE are the focus
				for
that this type of PE placed a certain level
of demand on pupils'				learning rather than a vehicle for learning
				as in SGPE. In short, HGPE
intelligence levels and helped to develop
cognitive activity. Male PE teachers argued				allows a more in depth study to PE. In order
that this type of expressionist PE was not				to gain an award at HGPE
the way forward and instead pursued the idea
				two activities are selected for the
that PE should be competition based. The				students, decided as a result of
male physical educators took
				consultation, which has to be balanced
on board Olympic Gymnastics as opposed to				against the expertise,
the more qualitative
				facilities and resources available at
recreational sort. They supported scientific				individual schools. Assessment
principles and skill
				is internal with external moderation.Carroll
development as the best form of education.				(1994) has suggested that this move towards a
The popularity of this				certificated PE

approach grew as the numbers of male PE				curriculum did mean that PE became more
teachers increased. The males				centrally involved in the

criticized the females, suggesting that				functions of the school, moving from a more
their approach contained a				marginal role to a more

lack of teacher involvement and direction				central one. However, as a result, it also
and that it was mainly based				meant involvement in the

around the pupils teaching themselves. With				ideologies of assessment and lost its sense
the introduction of other activities into the				of freedom, accepting
curriculum the debate surrounding educational
or Olympic gymnastics died down. It would not				external control in order that there is
be until 1988 that male and female PE				clarity of role, personal
teachers would teach the same thing.Games
were made compulsory in state schools in 1944				development for teachers and possibly even
even though they				the survival of the

had been a very important aspect of private				subject. The development of nationally
schooling for years. PE around the 1960s				recognized forms of assessment
consisted mainly of team games. These games
were often taught by non-specialists, this				and certification did, according to Reid
was especially the case for the boys' games				(1996), finally settle the
programme. At this point out of school games
or extra				problem of marginal status of PE in relation
				to other academic
curricular school sport was a major part of
the physical education				subjects. Kirk and Tinning (1990) believe
				that PE finally demonstrated
programme. An assessment for the selections
of school teams was often a job undertaken by				that it was an educationally worthy subject
the PE staff. The pupils selected for these				when it demonstrated its
teams would be the best players in the school
as seen by the PE staff. This was an				scientific basis. They may then believe that
opportunity where the PE teachers could make				the certification of PE
a
				led it to become a more scientific subject
name for themselves and gain prestige from				and that this is the reason
their peers by picking
				that it is worthy of intellectual pursuit.As
winning teams. Often the prestige of the				can be seen from this essay there have been
school came before attempting				many changes in

to give all pupils a game.As can be seen so				physical education since 1945. These changes
far PE had already made some big changes. It				have most notably been
had
				down to changes in the curriculum and this
transformed itself from the rough games and				occurred due to the
character building of
				ever-rising argument that PE was not an
Arnold's Rugby School to militaristic drill				educationally significant
taken by sergeants to
				subject. Before 1945 PE was more about play
aesthetic gymnastics and movement to the				and building ones
scientisation of the male
				character through this play. Since this
taught Olympic gymnastics. Once again though				period, PE moved to become
PE has returned through
				more to do with the philosophy of movement
this chronological order to the team games				and more aesthetic
that were prevalent back in
				qualities began to surface, especially with
the 1800s, however, here it was to promote				the introduction of
the status of the PE
				Swedish gymnastics and the beliefs of many
teachers and help them to create a name for				female physical educators.
themselves within the
				PE has also seen changes towards a more
schools.In 1965 a Sports Council was set up				scientific subject with the
to advice the government on future
				introduction of male teachers who believed
policy on sport and PE. This was a unique				that PE was more than just
step and came from the
				movement and creativity and that it should
advice of the Wolfenden committee, which				have some form of
reported in 1960 on 'sport
				competition. One theme of these changes that
and the community'. Sir John Wolfenden				has been noted throughout
chaired this
				has been the ever-changing status of PE. It
committee and David Munrow was one of its				seems from the literature
members and also the
				that PE has always had a certain stigma
Director of PE at Birmingham University.				attached to it that it has
This committee was formed to
				tried so hard to shed. An important change
examine the general position of sport in				within this context then
Britain and to recommend any
				was the certification of the subject and its
action that they think should be				resulting educational
taken.Between the late 1970s and early 1980s
PE was lacking in educational				significance in the school curriculum. The
				Munn and Dunning report
significance. PE teachers were regarded as
having a low status that				being the main benefactor of this change.
				The later introduction of
they were good for talk about the weekend's
sporting events but they				the higher grade structure also enhanced
				PE's status and gave it
did not teach a very educational subject.
Musgrove and				significance as an entrance into University.
				All these changes have
Taylor (1969) suggested that practical
subjects had always been				led PE to the subject that it is at present,
				however without a few of
regarded as low status. PE had been linked
with subjects such as				these changes it is hard to say whether
				there would be an education to
Music, Drama and Art in the section of the
curriculum known as the				be had in PE.The article was produced by the
				member of
'expressive arts'. This convenient label was
based on the fact that				Sharon White is a senior writer and writers
				consultant at term papers. Get some useful
creativity was an aspect of these subjects.				tips for thesis and term paper writing .

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Physical Education and Its Changes

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